• Editorial
• Open Access

• Received: 4 November 2013
• Accepted: 8 November 2013
• Published: 14 November 2013

Infectious Agents and Cancer is pleased to present a section entitled Cancer Centers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. As low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) continue to face health challenges from infectious disease, they are concurrently challenged by the rising burden of non-communicable diseases including cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) projects that by 2030, the annual number of new cancer cases worldwide will exceed 21 million and the number of cancer deaths will reach 13 million [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 70% of all cancer deaths occur in LMICs and more than 20% of cancers in LMICs are directly attributable to infectious agents [2]. Infectious agents associated with cancers more frequently found in developing countries include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV/HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and parasites Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the fraction of infection-related cancers is particularly high at 32.7% [3]. These numbers provide a compelling reason to explore successful strategies for enhancing cancer prevention and control capacity in LMICs. This enhanced capacity in LMICs includes strategic partnerships, well-trained professionals, appropriate technology, strengthened health systems, sustainable funding, and a solid research base to strengthen development of locally appropriate solutions in the fight against cancer.

Existing models of collaborative partnerships between a combination of low-, middle- and upper-income Country cancer centers could provide useful pointers for improving cancer prevention and control capacity in low-resource settings. The challenges posed by the rising burden of cancer in Africa for instance, has already begun to influence new partnerships and expand previously existing partnerships between institutions globally. For instance, the long-term “twinning” program between Indiana University and Moi University in Kenya, AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare), has built a strong foundation for health-related research and has put in place detailed standard operating procedures to ensure the continued success of the partnership [4]. Amongst the AMPATH program’s recent successes in Kenya in the field of cancer are training and mentoring of local oncology researchers [5] and nurses [6], creating oncology pharmacies [7], and evaluating chemotherapy outcomes for AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma [8]. Other examples of successful collaboration between U.S. and African institutions include the University of North Carolina’s (UNC) collaboration with the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI)/Hutchinson Cancer Center Alliance. The UNC/KEMRI collaboration has recently investigated HPV testing with self-collection of samples [9] and women’s attitudes toward HPV vaccine in Kenya [10]. The UCI/Hutchinson Cancer Center Alliance researchers have established that HIV plays a role in decreasing cancer survival in Uganda [11] and have investigated how gender influences Kaposi sarcoma presentation and outcomes [12]. Such collaborative partnerships can help catalyze a local institution’s capacity to provide preventive services, implement screening programs, deliver treatment and palliative care, procure quality cancer drugs, train allied health professionals in cancer care, strengthen cancer research on locally significant problems, support best practices in cancer care and research, develop healthcare informatics, and much more.

In addition to partnerships between institutions in high- and low-income countries, there is also a clear need to understand how institutes in LMICs can support one another in cancer prevention, control and research. With the increased strength of biological sciences in many developing countries [13], significant progress is certainly within reach and extending the benefits to cancer control will require integration of this growing capacity into cancer centers in LMICs. Partnerships between institutions within a Country could ensure optimal use of resources by leveraging capacity from one disease setting (e.g. HIV) to another. Leveraging resources from infectious disease infrastructure is particularly important in light of the fact that a large percentage of cancers in developing countries are infection-associated. For example, allied health worker training could be enhanced by partnerships between neighboring institutes or countries to help address the challenge of critical shortages of health workforce and access to specialized training that is required for optimal multidisciplinary management of cancer patients.

Many partnerships between LMICs already exist in the general areas of biotechnology and health, such as partnerships between Cuba and Brazil, South Africa and India and Brazil, and partnerships between countries in Africa. In large part, these partnerships tend to have a commercial focus including development of novel anticancer agents [14]. Some trilateral collaborations that include so-called “South-South” partnerships focus on developing scientific and educational environments in LMICs such as funding of innovative research through the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. In addition, South-South collaborations have seen much success in the development of vaccines. Given the development of HBV and HPV vaccines to prevent cancer and the relative proportion of infection attributable cancers in the LMICs, it is not difficult to imagine how beneficial the integration of South-South collaborative partnerships into cancer centers in LMICs can be in strengthening cancer control and prevention.

To ensure the highest likelihood of success for new and continued cancer center success in LMICs, a detailed understanding of how challenges were addressed previously is essential. Data on resources, capacities, priorities, barriers, and the unique circumstances of local institutes in LMICs that prevent, diagnose, treat, manage, and research cancers is needed for those seeking to adapt successful models. Analysis of that data should answer a number of key questions including: What are the critical factors for success? What common (and less obvious) pitfalls can be avoided? How do you ensure equity and mutual benefit within partnerships? How do you build trust within partnerships? How can evidenced-based solutions be best adapted to the local context? What standard operating procedures are prudent to have in place?

The Cancer Centers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries series is intended to make information and lessons-learned about successful cancer centers in LMICs more broadly available for those seeking to replicate successful models and to help re-invigorate efforts to build effective and sustainable partnerships. The series will provide a platform to showcase detailed features of institutes from LMICs and their collaborations including: (1) cancer center activities and resources for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and palliative care (available facilities, health care worker resources, outreach programs, collaborations, research projects, oncology-related training facilities, etc.); (2) funding support from local government, foundations, or privately borne by patients; (3) key features of the cancer center and its partnerships that contribute to its success; (4) challenges, both universal and setting-specific, and how they are addressed; (5) policy and practice implications including discussion of what could be adapted by others, what gaps need to be addressed, and what differences might arise in other settings. With detailed information in hand about the lessons learned in developing successful cancer center programs in LMICs, those who aim to address the growing burden of cancer in the developing world will be much better equipped to do so.

The authors’ opinions and conclusions cannot be construed as official policy statements of NIH, HHS, or the United States government.