The editorial focuses on how to deal with uncertainty and resolve it starting from the review article Can prophylactic HPV vaccination reduce the recurrence of cervical lesions after surgery? Review and prospect by Han and Zhang, published on October 29, 2023 [1]. In fact, despite several studies showing consistent results in the direction of efficacy, there is still skepticism in the scientific community about the use of the HPV vaccine as an adjuvant therapy, after local treatment, against relapses. Is there a possibility to reduce the uncertainty? To answer this question we should understand why the available evidence is inconclusive. What should be wise public health decision-making? Should the health systems recommend and pay for this intervention or not?
In this debate, we identify the discrepancies between the statistical uncertainty and biological plausibility as the main determinant of divergences.