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Table 2 Association between selected factors and persistence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) among Tanzanian women (N = 462)

From: Persistence and risk factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among HIV positive and HIV negative tanzanian women: a cohort study

Variablec

Total no

% with HR HPV persistence

Adj. ORa

(95% CI)

Adj. ORb

(95% CI)

Socio-demographic factors

 Age (years)

  25–29

77

(15.6)

1

 

1

 

  30–39

174

(28.2)

2.0

(1.0–4.1)

1.9

(0.9–4.0)

  40–49

144

(45.8)

4.1

(2.0–8.4)

3.7

(1.8–7.6)

  50–60

67

(46.3)

4.1

(1.9–9.2)

4.0

(1.7–9.0)

 Educational level

  Primary school

328

(35.7)

1

 

1

 

  Secondary school

134

(30.6)

0.9

(0.5–1.4)

0.9

(0.5–1.4)

 Marital status

  Married/cohabiting

271

(35.1)

1

 

1

 

Single

190

(33.2)

0.8

(0.6–1.3)

0.7

(0.5–1.1)

Factors related to sampling

 No. of months between enrollment and follow-up

  < 12

20

(45.0)

4.5

(1.6–12.6)

3.0

(1.0–8.9)

  12–15

151

(47.0)

4.5

(2.5–8.2)

2.8

(1.5–5.5)

  16–19

164

(36.0)

3.0

(1.7–5.5)

2.6

(1.4–4.7)

  ≥ 20

127

(15.0)

1

 

1

 

 Sampling method

  Health provider

243

47.4

1

 

1

 

  Self-collected

197

18.8

0.4

(0.2–0.7)

0.4

(0.2–0.7)

  Method not registered

22

27.3

0.4

(0.1–1.0)

0.4

(0.1–1.0)

Lifestyle factors

 Binge drinkingc

  Never drinking

259

(26.3)

1

 

1

 

  Never binge drinking

79

(41.8)

1.6

(0.9–2.8)

1.5

(0.9–2.7)

  Ever

121

(47.1)

2.3

(1.4–3.6)

2.2

(1.4–3.7)

 No. of pregnancies

  Never pregnant

28

(14.3)

0.6

(0.2–1.8)

0.6

(0.2–1.9)

  1–2

159

(25.2)

1

 

1

 

  3–4

188

(40.3)

1.6

(1.0–2.6)

1.6

(1.0–2.7)

  ≥ 5

87

(43.7)

1.5

(0.8–2.8)

1.6

(0.9–3.1)

 Lifetime no. of sex partners

  ≤ 1

124

(32.3)

1

 

1

 

  2

121

(38.8)

1.7

(1.0–3.1)

1.7

(0.9–3.0)

  3

94

(35.1)

1.6

(0.9–3.0)

1.5

(0.8–2.9)

  ≥ 4

117

(29.1)

1.0

(0.6–1.8)

0.9

(0.5–1.7)

Infections

 HIV status

  HIV neg

313

(30.0)

1

 

1

 

  HIV pos

149

(43.0)

1.4

(0.9–2.2)

1.4

(1.0–2.1)

 CD4 count

  HIV neg

313

(30.0)

1

 

1

 

  HIV pos./missing CD4

35

(37.1)

1.4

(0.6–2.9)

1.3

(0.6–2.9)

  ≥ 500

55

(43.6)

1.3

(0.7–2.4)

1.2

(0.7–2.3)

  200–499

50

(44.0)

1.5

(0.8–2.9)

1.5

(0.8–2.8)

  ≤ 199

9

(55.6)

2.3

(0.6–9.3)

2.2

(0.5–9.2)

 Number of HPV types

  Single HR HPV

254

(31.5)

1

 

1

 

  Multiple HR HPV

208

(37.5)

1.5

(1.0–2.2)

1.4

(0.9–2.1)

  1. aAdjusted for age (continuous variable) and time between enrollment and follow-up (continuous variable)
  2. bAdjusted for age (continuous variable), time between enrollment and follow-up (continuous variable), HIV-status and sampling method
  3. cDefined as more than 6 drinks on the same occasion
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Infectious Agents and Cancer

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