Table 2 Pseudogenes expressed in tumors
Pseudogene name | Pseudogene description | References |
|---|---|---|
HERV-K-MEL | Expressed in melanomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, bladder and breast cancers, but not in normal tissues | |
CYP4Z2P | A pseudogene of mammary-restricted cytochrome CYP4Z1, shows 4.8 times higher transcription level in breast cancer tissue than in normal mammary gland with almost no transcription in other tissues | [157] |
ΨCx43 | Connexin43 (CX43) pseudogene was shown to be expressed in mammary cancer cell lines and to inhibit growth. ΨCx43 acts as a posttranscriptional regulator of CX43 in breast cancer cells | |
rac1 | The rac1 processed pseudogene overexpression was detected in the human brain tumors as compared to normal brain tissues | [69] |
Oct4-pg5 Oct4-pg1 NANOGP8 | Oct4 and Nanog, embryonic stem cell-specific genes coding for transcription factors, have multiple retropseudogenes, expressed in many cancer tissues but not in normal tissues. | |
POU5F1P1 POU5F1B OCT4-pg3 OCT4-pg4 | A processed pseudogene POU5F1P1 (POU5F1 is another name of Oct4) is overexpressed in prostatic carcinoma, and OCT4-pg1, OCT4-pg3 and OCT4-pg4 were found to be expressed in glioma and breast carcinoma. POU5F1B (also known as Oct4-pg1 and POU5F1P1) is amplified and promotes aggressive phenotype to gastric cancer. | |
CRIPTO3 | A presumed pseudogene expressed in many cancer samples | [183] |
BRAF | Expression of BRAF pseudogene was described in thyroid tumors. | [220] |
CSNK2A1P | Protein kinase CKα intronless gene CSNK2A1P, a presumed CK2α pseudogene, plays the oncogenic role in lung cancer. It is amplified and over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer and leukemia cell lines and in lung cancer tissues. | [67] |
MYLKP1 | A transcribed pseudogene MYLKP1 is strongly expressed in cancer cells and its parental gene MYLK is highly expressed in non-neoplastic cells. | [60] |
MO1P3 | SUMO1P3 pseudogene-expressed lncRNA is up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and may be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer | [122] |
HMGA1P6 HMGA1P7 | The overexpression of HMGA1 pseudogenes HMGA1P6 and HMGA1P7 is induced in human pituitary tumors and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. | |
CGB1 CGB2 | CGB1 and CGB2 are transcribed in ovarian cancer tissues and in epithelial cancer cell lines | |
ψPPM1K | Transcribed pseudogene ψPPM1K exerts tumor-suppressor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma by generation of siRNA | [31] |