Cancer risk in persons with HIV/AIDS in India: a review and future directions for research

Table 1 Summary of cancers with increased risks in males (M) and females (F) with HIV/AIDS (PHA) in India

Cancer sites with increased risk	Relative risks in developed countries	Correlated with CD4 loss in PHA	Tumor-associated co-viral infections*	Incidence in India, relative to developed countries	Proportional risk increase in Indian PHA[13]		Case observations in Indian PHA**
					M	F
AIDS-defining cancers
Kaposi sarcoma	> 1000	++++	KSHV	Rare	No cases seen		Occasional
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	20–350	+++	EBV	Low	17	10	Multiple
Cervical cancer	2–20	-	HPV	Very high		4	Not reported
Non-AIDS defining cancers
Anus	20–50	-	HPV	Low	10	6^NS	Not reported
Hodgkin lymphoma	3–18	Inverse	EBV	Low	4	2^NS	Occasional
Vulva and vagina	4–8	-	HPV	High		8	Not reported
Head and neck cancers	2–3	-	HPV	Very high	1^NS	2	Not reported
Testis	1–2	-	None	Low	2		Not reported

^NS Not statistically significant
* KSHV: Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8); EBV: Epstein Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus
** Other than description in risk ratio study [13].

ISSN: 1750-9378