Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses

Table 1 Viral exosome in virus-associated cancer

Virus	Exosome diameter (nm)	Exosome viral	Exosome marker	Targets	Functions	References
HBV	50–100	HBx, large S, core, and P proteins	CD9/CD63	HepAD38, Huh-7	Enhance virus-associated cellular-transformation	[21, 30]
HCV	30–150	NS3/4 protease, E2, Core, genomic RNA	CD9/CD63/CD81, Hsp70/CD63, CD81/AchE, CD63	Treg cells	Transmit HCV and enhance persistent infection, Promote HCV productive infection	[44]
EBV	40–100	miR-BHRF1-3, miR-BART15-3p, miR-BART13-3p, LMP-1, LMP-2A, EBERs	HSC70, flotillin-2, CD9, CD81, CD63	CXCL11, BRUCE, NLRP3, LMP1, ABI2	Immune-regulatory, Induce cell apoptosis, Decrease anti-viral immune reaction, Mediate the viral latency, Facilitate the growth, migration, and invasion of malignant cells	[2, 45, 46]
HPV	50–200	E6/E7, p16, Survivin	Syntenin	p53, pRb	Promote cellular transformation and cancerization	[47, 48]
HTLV-1	70–100	Tax, HBZ, gp61, Env	CD45, CD43	CTLL-2, PBMCs	Cell cycle progression, cell survival, transcription and cell proliferation signaling pathways regulation	[49, 50]
KSHV	50–150	miRK12-3-5p, miR-K12-2-5p, mir-10b-5p, mir-143-3p	CD63	EGLN1,EGLN2,HSPA9	Alter host cell energy metabolism	[51]
MCPyV	30–150	CircALTOs, gelsolin, periostin and thrombospondin, LT-ag	CD63,CD81	MCC, RBPJ, p53	Transcriptional enhancer, increase proliferation and pathogenicity	[52]

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