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Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of the included studies with evidence on colorectal cancer and SARS-CoV-2 (n = 69 studies), 2020–2021

From: Colorectal cancer in patients with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, year, study location

Study design, setting

Age (years)a

Male, n (%)

Ethnicityb

CRC diagnosed through

Number of patients (n = 98,131)

Number of SARS-CoV-2 patients with CRC (%) [n = 3362, 3.43%]

Source of SARS-CoV-2 infection

CRC Staging

Treatment, n

Symptoms from the tumor, n

Comorbidities, n

Admitted to ICU, n

Mechanical ventilation, n

ARDS, n

NOS score; and Treatment outcome

Al-Shamsi et al. 2020 [23], United Arab Emirates

Prospective, cohort, single centre

51.6  (40-76)

1 (50)

2 Arabs

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

85

2

Community-acquired

Not reported

2 Chemotherapies

Not reported

Not reported

1

0

0

(NOS, 7) 2 survived

Aschele et al. 2021 [43], Italy

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

68 (28–89)

Not reported

38 Whites, (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

406

38

Community-acquired

Not reported

28 Chemotherapies 16 Monoclonal antibodies: [CRC use (n = 5) and COVID-19 use (n = 11)]

Immunotherapies

0 Targeted therapies

3 Hormones

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 7) Treatment outcome was not available

Ayhan et al. 2021 [44], Turkey

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

61.0 (21–84)

Not available

11 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

84

11

Community-acquired

Stage I (n = 1)

Stage II (n = 3)

Stage III (n = 1)

Stage IV (n = 6)

8 Chemotherapies

5 Targeted therapies

2 Immunotherapies

Not reported

3 Hypertension

5 Diabetes mellitus

2 Coronary artery disease

1 COPD

1 Chronic renal failure

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

Treatment outcome was not available

Aznab 2020 [45], Iran

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

72 Persians

Not reported

279

72

Community-acquired

Stage II (n = 11)

Stage III (n = 36)

Stage IV (n = 25)

72 Chemotherapies

25 Monoclonal antibodies: [CRC use (n = 9) and COVID-19 use (n = 16)]

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

1

(NOS, 6)

71 survived

1 died

Berger et al. 2021 (25), Austria

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

23

1

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

1 Chemotherapy

1 Targeted therapy

1 Immunotherapy

Not reported

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 7)

1 survived

Bernard et al. 2021 [8], France

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

73 (64–82)

Not reported

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

6201

518

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not possible to extract

67

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 8)

376 survived

142 died

Binet et al. 2021 [46], Belgium

Retrospective, case report, single centre

62

0 (0)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Hospital- acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Colectomy

1 Abdominal pain

1 Nausea and vomiting

1 Hypertension

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Dyslipidaemia

1 Acute ischemic stroke

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 died

Calvo et al. 2021 [47], Spain

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

63.9 ± (10.2)

3 (60)

5 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

653

5

Hospital- acquired

Stage IV (n = 3)

3 Chemotherapies

2 Radiotherapies

3 Steroids

3 Antivirals

3 HCQ

3 Surgical resections

1 Immunotherapies

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 6)

3 survived

2 died

COVIDSurg Collaborative 2021 [9], 40 countries

Prospective, cohort, multicentre

 < 50: n = 174; 50–69: n = 966; AND ≥ 70: n = 933

1236 (59.6)

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

2073

78

Hospital- acquired

Stage I-II (n = 838)

Stage III (n = 653)

Stage IV (n = 133)

38 Surgical resections

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 7)

63 survived

15 died

Cosma et al. 2020 [48], Italy

Retrospective, case report, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

Not reported

Not reported

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 5)

1 survived

Costanzi et al. 2020 [49], Italy

Retrospective, case report, single centre

62

0 (0)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Hospital- acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Surgical resection

1 Chemotherapy

1 Ileostomy

1 Antivirals

1 Antibiotics

1 HCQ

1 RBC transfusion

1 Haematochezia (blood per anus)

1 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

1 Blood per rectum

1 Weight loss

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Filipe et al. 2021 [26], The Netherlands

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

-

-

2 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

21

2

Hospital- acquired

Stage II (n = 1)

Stage IV (n = 1)

2 Chemotherapies

2 Surgical resections

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 7)

1 survived

1 died

Gao et al. 2020 [50], China

Retrospective, case report, single centre

69

0 (0)

1 Asian

Symptoms and exploratory laparotomy

1

1

Community-acquired

Not reported

1 Colectomy

1 Lymph node dissection

1 Abdominal pain

1 Change in bowel habits

1 Weight loss

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 7)

1 survived

Glasbey et al. 2021 [51], 55 countries

Prospective, cohort, multicentre

-

-

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

2310

134

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

134 Surgical resections

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 7)

Treatment outcome was not available

Haque et al. 2021 [52], United Kingdom

Retrospective, case report, single centre

69

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, CT and colonoscopy

1

1

Community-acquired

Not reported

1 RBC transfusions

1 Antibiotics

1 Tranexamic acid

1 Palliative haemostatic radiotherapy

1 Melena (black tarry stools)

1 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

1 Lynch Syndrome

1 Pancolectomy 1 Ileo-rectal anastomosis

1 Adenocarcinoma

1 Nephroureterectomy

1 Recurrent VTE

0

0

0

(NOS, 7)

1 survived

Huang et al. 2020 [141], China

Retrospective, case report, single centre

48

1 (100)

1 Asian

Symptoms, and CT

1

1

Hospital- acquired

Stage II (n = 1)

1 Sigmoidectomy

1 Colonic decompression

1 Anastomosis

1 Ileostomy

1 Abdominal pain

1 Constipation

1 Hepatitis B virus

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Joharatnam-Hogan et al. 2020 [53], United Kingdom

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

76 (72–77.5)

4 (80)

4 Whites (Caucasi

ans) 1 Black

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

699

5

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

2 Chemotherapies

1 Colectomy

2 Surgical resections

1 Radiotherapy

3 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

5 survived

Johnson et al. 2020 [54], United States

Retrospective, case report, single centre

63

1 (100)

1 Asian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Hospital- acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Chemotherapy

1 Hepatectomy

Not reported

1 Lynch syndrome

1 Colon, liver, and thyroid cancer

1 Hepatitis C virus

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Karam et al. 2020 [55], Australia

Retrospective, case report, single centre

66

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, and CT

1

1

Community-acquired

Not reported

1 Antibiotics

1 Surgical debridement

1 Colostomy

1 Haematochezia (blood per anus)

1 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

1 Change in bowel habits

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Renal impairment

1 Chronic anaemia

1 Diabetic ketoacidosis

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Khan et al. 2021 [27], United Kingdom

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

78

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

8

1

Hospital- acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Conservative treatment

1 Abdominal pain

1 Change ion bowel habits

1 Heart failure 1 Chronic kidney disease

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

1 died

Kuryba et al. 2021 [56], United Kingdom

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

60–74: 43.05%;

AND

50–69: 26.3%

54 (55.6)

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

3227

97

Hospital- acquired

Stage I (n = 30)

And

Stage ≥ II (n = 23)

83 Surgical resections

33 Colectomies

6 Hartmann’s procedure

5 Stomas

2 Stents

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

Treatment outcome was not available

Kumar et al. 2020 [68], India

Ambispective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

10 Indians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

107

10

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

4 Radiotherapies

8 Chemotherapies

10 Surgeries

2 Palliative managements

1 Stoma closure

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

10 survived

Larfors et al. 2021 [10], Sweden

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

Not reported

Not reported

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

54,651

50

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

22 Chemotherapies

Not reported

Not reported

50

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

50 died

Liang et al. 2020 [57], China

Prospective, cohort, multicentre

67.5 (53.7–85)

4 (100)

4 Asians

Not reported

1590

4

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

3 Surgical resections

3 Chemotherapies

Not reported

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

1 COPD

2

2

Not reported

(NOS, 7)

2 survived

2 died

Liu et al. 2020 [28], China

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

65.5 (54.5–73.0)

3 (60)

6 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

52

5

Hospital- acquired

Not reported

5 Surgical resections

2 Sigmoidectomies

1 Colectomy

1 Hartmann's procedure

1 Abdominal pain

2 Diarrhoea

3 Hypertension

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Tuberculosis

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

4 survived

1 died

Liu et al. 2021 [58], China

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

All patients were > 60

3 (60)

5 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

189

5

Community-acquired

Not reported

5 Surgical resections

2 Chemotherapies

1 Targeted therapy

1 Abdominal pain

3 Change in bowel habits

1 Nausea and vomiting

2 Diarrhoea

2 Hypertension

2 Diabetes

1 Coronary heart disease

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

4 survived

1 died

Liu et al. 2021 [17], China

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

65.06 ± (11.51)

23 (63.9)

36 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

81

36

Community-acquired

Stage I (n = 5)

Stage II (n = 7)

Stage III (n = 11)

Stage IV (n = 7)

21 Conservative treatment

4 Chemotherapies

4 Surgeries

32 Antivirals

28 Antibiotics

16 Steroids

10 IgG

7 Change in bowel habits

9 Diarrhoea

9 Diabetes mellitus

18 Hypertension

3 Cardiovascular disease

4 Cerebrovascular disease

3 COPD

6

5

8

(NOS, 6)

34 survived

2 died

Liu et al. 2021 [58], China

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

 > 65: n = 3; AND ≤ 65: n = 2

3 (60)

5 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

135

5

Community-acquired

Stage I (n = 2); Stage II (n = 2); and Stage III (n = 1)

4 Antibiotics

3 Antivirals

3 Immunomodulator

4 Systemic glucocorticoids

Not reported

1 Diabetes mellitus

3 Hypertension

1 Coronary heart disease

1 Renal disease

1

1

1

(NOS, 8)

4 survived

1 died

Ma et al. 2020 [11], China

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

62 (59–70)

6 (54.5)

11 Asians

Not available

1380

11

Community-acquired

Not reported

4 Surgeries

3 Radiotherapies

7 Chemotherapies

2 Targeted therapies

2 Immunotherapies

2 Haematochezia (blood per anus)

3 Diarrhoea

3 Diabetes mellitus

2 Hypertension

1 COPD

4

4

4

(NOS, 7)

7 survived

4 died

Manlubatan et al. 2021 [59], Philippines

Retrospective, case report, single centre

75

1 (100)

1 Asian

Symptoms, and CT

1

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Abdominotransanal resection

1 Total mesorectal excision

1 Intersphincteric resection

1 Stoma was created

1 Haematochezia (blood per anus)

1 Melena (black tarry stools)

1 Change in bowel habits

1 Blood per rectum

1 Weight loss

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 died

Mansi et al. 2021 [29], France

Prospective, cohort, multicentre

70.5 (69–70.5)

1 (50)

2 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

28

2

Community-acquired

Stage III (n = 1)

Stage IV (n = 1)

2 Chemotherapies

1 Monoclonal antibody: [CRC use (n = 1)]

Not reported

1 Dyslipidemia

1

1

1

(NOS, 7)

1 survived

1 died

Martín-Bravo et al. 2021 [60], Spain

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

64 (52–64)

1 (50)

2 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

673

2

Hospital-acquired

Stage IV (n = 2)

2 Chemotherapies

2 Surgical resections

2 Palliative treatments

1 Immunotherapy

1 Targeted therapy

1 Radiotherapy

Not reported

No comorbidities

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

1 died

Martínez et al. 2021 [61], Spain

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

77  (57-80)

2 (66.7)

3 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

32

3

Hospital-acquired

Stage II (n = 3)

1 Sigmoidectomy

1 Hartmann procedure

1 Colostomy

1 Laparoscopic approach

1 Stoma creation

1 Melena (black tarry stools)

1 Diarrhoea

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

1 COPD

0

0

0

(NOS, 7)

3 survived

Martínez-Mardones et al. 2021 [30], Chile

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

72

1 (100)

1 Hispanic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

16

1

Hospital-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

Not reported

1 Haematochezia (blood per anus)

1 Weight loss

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 5)

1 survived

McCarthy et al. 2020 [12], 2 countries

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

80 (71.5–86.5)

-

Multi-ethnic

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

Not reported

1564

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

1139 survived

425 died

Mehta et al. 2020 [62], United States

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

50–60: n = 1; 60–70: n = 3; 70–80: n = 1; 80–90: n = 2

6 (85.7)

Multi-ethnic

Not reported

218

21

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

2 Morbid obesity

2 Congestive heart failure

2 Hypertension

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Coronary artery disease

1 Chronic kidney disease

1 Hepatitis C virus

1 COPD

1 Malabsorption

5

5

7

(NOS, 6)

13 survived

8 died

Miyashita et al. 2020 [63], United States

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

Multi-ethnic

Not reported

334

16

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 7)

Treatment outcome was not available

Montopoli et al. 2020 [64], Italy

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

Not reported

Not reported

Multi-ethnic

Not reported

9280

65

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 7)

Treatment outcome was not available

Nagarkar et al. 2021 [65], India

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

53 Indians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

458

53

46 Community-acquired

7 Hospital-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 6)

Treatment outcome was not available

Nakamura et al. 2021 [31], Japan

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

70.5 (54–70.5)

1 (50)

2 Asian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

32

2

Hospital-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

2 Antivirals

2 Steroids

2 Chemotherapies

2 Surgical resections

Not reported

2 Hypertension

1 Coronary heart disease

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Asthma

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

1 died

Ospina et al. 2021 [13], Colombia

Ambispective, cohort, multicentre

50–60: 23.34%; 61–70: 22.24%; AND > 70: 27.22%

Not reported

92 Hispanics

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

742

92

Community-acquired

Stage I (n = 37)

Stage II (n = 21)

Stage III (n = 10)

Stage IV (n = 24)

Not possible to extract

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

19

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

64 survived

28 died

Ottaiano et al. 2021 [32], Italy

Retrospective, case reports, single centre

60 (58–60)

2 (66.7)

3 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

3

3

Hospital-acquired

Stage III (n = 2)

Stage IV (n = 1)

3 Chemotherapies

3 Colectomies

1 Monoclonal antibody: [CRC use (n = 1)]

Not reported

1 Peritoneal disease

1 Lung disease

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

3 survived

Özdemir et al. 2021 [14], Turkey

Ambispective, cohort, multicentre

61 (19–94)

771 (50.6)

165 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1523

165

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 6)

155 survived

10 died

Pawar et al. 2020 [66], India

Retrospective, case report, single centre

28

0 (0)

1 Indian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Not reported

1 Laparoscopic anterior resection

1 Blood per rectum

No comorbidities

0

0

0

(NOS, 5)

1 survived

Pertile et al. 2021 [33], Italy

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

76

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

25

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 RBC transfusions

1 Laparotomy

1 Rectal resection

1 Radical cystectomy

1 Right ureterostomy

1 Segmental small bowel resection

1 Lumbar-aortic lymphadenectomy

1 HCQ

1 Antibiotics

1 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

1 Blood per rectum

1 Chronic renal failure

1 Bilateral ureteral stenting

1 Hypertension

1 Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

1 died

Pordány et al. 2020 [67], Hungary

Retrospective, case report, single centre

75

0 (0)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Colectomy

Not reported

1 Cardiac arrest

1

1

1

(NOS, 5)

1 survived

Quaquarini et al. 2020 [34], Italy

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

60

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

7

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Chemotherapy

Not reported

1 Hypertension

1 Cardiac failure

1 Renal failure

1 Rheumatoid arthritis

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 7)

Treatment outcome was not available

Robilotti et al. 2020 [69], United States

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Most patients were adults over the age of 60 years

Not reported

Not reported

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

2035

37

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not reported

(NOS, 8)

Treatment outcome was not available

Ruiz-Garcia et al. 2021 [70], Mexico

Prospective, cohort, multicenter

Not reported

Not reported

56 Hispanics

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

599

56

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not possible to extract

16 Abdominal pain

11 Nausea and vomiting

Not possible to extract

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

Treatment outcome was not available

Serrano et al. 2020 [71], Spain

Retrospective, case report, single centre

78

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Not reported

1 Antivirals

1 HCQ

1 Interferon beta-1b

Not reported

1 Hypertension

1 Chronic kidney disease

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Sobrado et al. 2021 [72], Brazil

Retrospective, cross-sectional, single centre

72 (67–72)

3 (60)

5 Hispanics

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

103

5

Hospital-acquired

Stage III (n = 2)

Stage IV (n = 3)

4 Surgical resections

2 Colectomies

1 Adrenalectomy

1 Colostomy closure

1 Hartmann’s procedure reversal

1 Abdominal pain

1 Change in bowel habits

2 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

1 Mesenteric ischemia

1 Pulmonary embolism

3

3

3

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

3 died

Sorrentino et al. 2020 [73], Italy

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

Not reported

Not reported

3 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

Not reported

Not reported

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

1 died

Sukumar et al. 2020 [74], India

Prospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

63 (70)

1 Indian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

90

1

Hospital-acquired

Stage II (n = 1)

1 Surgical resection

1 Chemotherapy

Not reported

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Tateno et al. 2021 [75], Japan

Retrospective, case report, single centre

63

1 (100)

1 Asian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Stage II (n = 1)

1 Colectomy

1 Antibiotics

1 Antivirals

Not reported

1 Diabetes mellitus

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Taya et al. 2021 [76], United States

Retrospective, cross-sectional, single centre

63 (63–68)

3 (30)

7 Whites (Caucasians) 3 Blacks

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

745

10

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

Treatment outcome was not available

Tejedor et al. 2021 [77], Spain

Prospective, cohort, multicentre

76.5 (69–76.5)

3 (100)

3 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

301

3

Hospital-acquired

Stage II (n = 2)

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Chemotherapy

1 Surgical resection

1 Sigmoidectomy

1 Colectomy

Not reported

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

2

0

1

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

1 died

Tolley et al. 2020 [35], United Kingdom

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

67.5 (55–84)

2 (66.7)

3 Whites (Caucasians)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

21

3

Hospital-acquired

Stage III (n = 2)

Stage IV (n = 1)

3 Surgeries

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

1 died

Tolley et al. 2020 [78], United Kingdom

Retrospective, case-series, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

21

3

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

1 died

Tuech et al. 2021 [79], France

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

461

6

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

3 Hypertension

2 Diabetes mellitus

1 COPD

1 Chronic kidney disease

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

6 survived

Vicente et al. 2021 [80], Brazil

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

64 (62–64)

1 (50)

2 Hispanics

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

41

2

Hospital-acquired

Stage II (n = 2)

2 Sigmoidectomies

1 Chemotherapy

1 Radiotherapy

1 Ileostomy

Not reported

1 Morbid obesity

1 Diabetes mellitus

1 Hypertension

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

2 survived

Wang et al. 2021 [81], United States

Retrospective, case–control, multicentre

Not reported

Not reported

Multi-ethnic

Not reported

1200

60

Community-acquired

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not possible to extract

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

(NOS, 8)

Treatment outcome was not available

Wang et al. 2020 [15], China

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

63 (55–70)

26 (76.5)

34 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

283

34

Community-acquired

Most patients were stage I (n = 20)

Not possible to extract

11 Change in bowel habits

7 Nausea and vomiting

6 Diarrhoea

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 5)

20 survived

14 died

Woźniak et al. 2021 [82], Poland

Retrospective, case report, single centre

56

1 (100)

1 White (Caucasian)

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1

1

Community-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Chemotherapy

1 Sigmoidectomy

1 Anaemia (unexplained iron deficiency)

1 Weight loss

1 Coronary heart disease

1 Myocardial infarction

1 Coronary artery angioplasty

1 Polyneuropathy

0

0

0

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

Wu et al. 2020 [36], China

Retrospective, case-series, multicenter

29

0 (0)

1 Asian

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

11

1

Hospital-acquired

Stage IV (n = 1)

1 Surgery

1 Immunotherapy

1 Antibiotics

1 Chemotherapy

Not reporter

No comorbidities

1

1

0

(NOS, 6)

1 died

Yang et al. 2020 [16], China

Retrospective, cohort, multicenter

63 (56–70)

Not reported

28 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

205

28

Community-acquired

Stage I-II (n = 20)

Stage III-IV (n = 6)

Not possible to extract

Not reported

11 Hypertension

8 Diabetes mellitus

1 Coronary heart disease

1 Hepatitis B virus

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

Not possible to extract

(NOS, 8)

22 survived

6 died

Yang et al. 2020 [83], China

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

Not reported

Not reported

11

            

Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1575

13

Community-acquired

Not reported

13 Antivirals

12 Antibiotics

5 Chemotherapies

3 Steroids

2 Surgical resections

1 Immunotherapy

1 Nausea and vomiting

1 Diarrhoea

8 Hypertension

6 Diabetes mellitus

2 Coronary heart disease

1 COPD

1 Cerebrovascular disease

2

2

2

(NOS, 6)

11 survived

2 died

    

Ye et al. 2020 [84], China

Retrospective, case report, single centre

62

1 (100)

1 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, and radiological imaging

1

1

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

1 Colectomy

1 Antibiotics

1 Antivirals

1 Antifungals

Not reported

Not reported

0

0

0

(NOS, 5)

1 survived

Yu et al. 2020 [83], China

Retrospective, cohort, single centre

66 (48–78)

2 (100)

2 Asians

Not reported

1524

2

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

1 Best supportive care

1 Newly diagnosed; treatment yet to commence

Not reported

Not reported

0

0

0

(NOS, 7)

2 survived

Zhang et al. 2020 [85], China

Retrospective, cohort, multicentre

77.5 (75–77.5)

2 (100)

2 Asians

Symptoms, endoscopy, radiological imaging, biopsies and tumor markers

1276

2

Hospital-acquired

Not reported

2 Antivirals

2 Antibiotics

1 Surgical operation

1 Chemotherapy

1 Steroids

1 Diarrhoea

1 Hypertension

1 Coronary heart disease

1 COPD

1

1

1

(NOS, 6)

1 survived

1 died

  1. ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRC Colorectal carcinoma, CT Computerized tomography, HCQ Hydroxychloroquine, ICU Intensive care unit, IgG Immunoglobulin G, IV Intravenous, NOS Newcastle ottawa scale, RBC Red blood cell, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, VTE Venous thromboembolism
  2. aData are presented as median (25th–75th percentiles), or mean ± (SD)
  3. bPatients with black ethnicity include African-American, Black African, African and Afro-Caribbean patients