Fig. 4

Detection rate of Mollicutes (PCR), He. pylori (PCR), F. nucleatum (qPCR), and M. hyorhinis (qPCR and IHC), from gastric tissue. The diagonal lines on the white background represent Mollicutes (Molli) in the case and control group (1.25% and 2.50%, respectively). Dark-grey represents H. pylori (Hp) in the case and control group (6.25% and 20.00%, respectively). Light-grey represents F. nucleatum (Fn) in the case and control group (20.00% and 2.50%, respectively). The diagonal lines on the grey background represent M. hyorhinis (Mhyo-qPCR/IHC) in the case and control group (5.00% and 2.50%, respectively). Coinfection of the case samples: 7.50% with Mollicutes and M. hyorhinis (brick with white background), 2.50% of Mollicutes (M. hyorhinis) and F. nucleatum (brick with black background), and 1.25% of F. nucleatum and H. pylori (light-grey squares). In the control samples, only one coinfection of M. hyorhinis and H. pylori was observed (2.50%, dark-grey squares). qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IHC, immunohistochemistry. Mann Whitney, assuming p-value ≤ 0.05