From: Strategies to evaluate outcomes in long-COVID-19 and post-COVID survivors
References | Design | Country | Sample size (N) | Male (%) | Mean age (years) | Categories (health care workers, patient, hospitalized/ICU, general public) | Physical health | Neurological disorders | Nutritional status | COVID-19 status | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||||
[90] | Cross-sectional study | UK | 431.051 | 55.8 | 57.2 | Hospitalized | n.a | psychological distress, neuroticism | n.a | 908 hospitalized for COVID-19 | Association of lower cognitive function based on a test of verbal and numerical reasoning with a higher risk of COVID-19 |
[91] | Observational study | Italy | 50 | n.a | Hospitalized | DEPENDENCE for motor or respiratory functions | n.a | (90%) dysphagia and need of a modified diet’s consistency or nasogastric feeding (45%) high risk and (26%) moderate risk of malnutrition BMI improvement 14 (43.7%) | 50 (100%) positive to COVID-19 | three-step nutritional protocol to ensure optimal nutritional status and improve clinical outcomes in COVID19 patients in a rehabilitation unit | |
[92] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | Italy | 2291 | 25.3 | 30.0 | General public | n.a | poor sleep quality (57.1%), high anxiety (32.1%), high distress (41.8%), PTSD symptomatology (7.6%) | n.a | Positive to COVID-19 9 (0.4%) | Correlation between epidemic with anxiety, sleep disorders and PTSD |
[93] | Multicenter study | India | 906 | 35.7 | 29 | Healthcare workers | Headache 289 (31.9%), Throat pain 304 (33.6%), no symptoms 302 (33.3%) | moderate to very-severe depression 48 (5.3%), moderate to extremely severe anxiety 79 (8.7%), moderate to extremely severe stress 20 (2.2%), and moderate to severe levels of psychological distress 34 (3.8%), Lethargy 241(26.6%), Insomnia 190(21.0%) | n.a | n.a | significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak |
[94] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | Italy | 2291 | 25.3 | 30.0 | General public | n.a | Higher risk of psychopathological symptoms in females (OR 2,32) younger than 50 years (OR > 1,68). Higher risk of developing anxiety was higher in females (OR = 3,10 younger than 50 (OR > 1,47) and undergraduates (OR = 1,68) Higher risk of PTSD symptomatology associated with female (OR 2,39) | n.a | 9 (0.4%) positive to COVID-19 | COVID-19 pandemic can be related to anxiety, changes in mood, high psychopathological symptomatology, and could be associated with the development of PTSD |
[95] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | China | 7236 | 45.4 | 35.3 | Healthcare workers, General public | n.a | Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and was significantly higher in general public, Healthcare workers reported highest rate of poor sleep quality. Generalized anxiety disorder 2540 (35.1%), depressive symptoms 1454 (20.1%), poor sleep quality 1317 (18.2%) | n.a | n.a | Major mental health burden during COVID outbreak |
[96] | Online survey | Canada | 1908 | 19.6 | 42 | n.a | 40.5% of inactive and 22,4% of active individual became less active 33% of inactive and 40.3% of active became more active 28.3% of inactive altered their type of activity, 39.6% of active maintained their type | Inactive scored significantly lower on the mental health assessment than the active participants, however there is no significant difference in generalized anxiety.; inactive participants that were more active indicated higher levels of social, emotional and psychological health, and lower levels of anxiety; inactive with mild anxiety were more physically active than participants with moderate anxiety; inactive participants with severe anxiety spent fewer minutes in outdoor physical activity than individuals with low or mild anxiety | n.a | n.a | Strong association between physical activity and well-being; |
[3] | Observational study | Italy | 143 | 62.9 | 56.5 | Hospitalized | Post covid-19: 53.1% of individuals showed fatigue, 43.4% dyspnoea, 27.3% joint pain, 21.7% chest pain, Fatigue 53% | n.a | n.a | 143 (100%) patient’s post-recovery from COV19 | This study found that in patients who had recovered from COVID-19, 87.4% reported persistence of at least 1 symptom, particularly fatigue and dyspnea |
[97] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | China | 994 | 14.5 | Aged 25– 40 years (63.4%) | Healthcare workers | n.a | (36.9%) subthreshold mental health disturbances, (34.4%) mild disturbances, (22.4%) moderate disturbances, and (6.2%) had severe disturbance | n.a | None | These findings emphasize the importance of being prepared to support frontline workers through mental health interventions at times of widespread crisis |
[98] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | China | 9684 | 23.3 | 813 (64.7%) were aged 26–40 y | Healthcare workers | 67 (60.9%) had fever, 66 (60.0%) myalgia or fatigue, 62 (56.4%) cough, 55 (50%) sore throat, 50 (45.5%) muscle ache | 634 (50.4%) depression,560 (44.6%) anxiety, 427(34%) insomnia, 899 (71.5%) distress | n.a | 110 (1%) positive to COVID-19 | These findings suggest that front-line healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support |
[99] | Observational study | India | 470 | 31.7 | 31 | Healthcare workers, General public | n.a | 60 (14.5%) participants showed anxiety, 42 (8.9%) depression, 31 (6.6%) stress, 36 (7.7%) post-traumatic stress disorder Anxiety was higher among nonmedical health care workers than medical personnel (20.7% versus 10.8%; adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.15–2.99]; P = 0.011) Higher mean DASS-21 anxiety and stress subscale scores and higher IES-R total and subscale scores were observed in nonmedical health care workers | n.a | None | Nonmedical health care personnel are at highest risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak. Early psychological interventions targeting this vulnerable group may be beneficial |
[100] | Online survey | UK | 153 | 48 | 71 | General public | n.a | 39 (31%) presented altered mental status, comprising 9 (23%) patients with unspecified encephalopathy and 7 (18%) encephalitis. 23 (59%) with altered mental status fulfilled the clinical case definitions for psychiatric diagnoses as classified by the notifying psychiatrist or neuropsychiatrist, and 21 (92%) of these were new diagnoses 6 (26%) had a neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and four (17%) had an affective disorder | n.a | 114 (92%) confirmed 5 (4%) probable 5 (4%) possible | This study identified acute presentations of new-onset complications of COVID-19. Ischemic stroke was common in our cohort |
[101] | Observational study | China | 1738 | Survey 1: 32.7; Survey 2: 25 | Survey 1: 21,4–30,8y (53,1%); Survey 2: 21,4–30,8y (46,5%) | General public | n.a, | Measured by DASS-21 Mean score (SD), survey 1: 7,76 (7,74) stress, 6,16 (6,57) anxiety, 6,25 (7,16) depression; survey 2: 7,86 (7,93) stress, 6,15 (6,94) anxiety, 6,38 (7,39) depression. NS comparison between surveys | n.a | n.a | Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, correct containment methods, availability of essential services/commodities, and sufficient financial support |
[102] | Web-based cross-sectional survey | China | 2182 | 35.8 | 18-60y, n = 2,101 (96,3%) | Healthcare workers, General public | n.a | Medical health workers showed higher prevalence rates of insomnia (38.4 vs. 30.5%, p < 0.01), anxiety (13.0 vs. 8.5%, p < 0.01), depression (12.2 vs. 9.5%; p = 0.04), somatization (1.6 vs. 0.4%; p < 0.01), and obsessive–compulsive symptoms (5.3 vs. 2.2%; p < 0.01) than nonmedical health workers | n.a | n.a | During the COVID-19 outbreak, medical health workers had psychosocial problems and risk factors for developing them. They needed attention and recovery programs |
[46] | Observation study | China | 214 | 40.7 | 52.7 | Hospitalized | Compared with patients with non-severe infection, patients with more severe infection had skeletal muscle injury 17 (19.3%) vs 6 (4.8%) | 78 patients (36.4%) had neurologic manifestations: Compared to patients with non-severe infection, patients with more severe infection had neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases 5 (5.7%) vs 1 (0.8%), impaired consciousness 13 (14.8%) vs 3 (2.4%) | n.a | 214 (100%) positive to COVID-19 | During the pandemic, patients with neurologic manifestations should have SARS-CoV2 infection suspected, to avoid delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and to lose the ability to treat and prevent transmission |
[56] | Observational study | China | 201 | 63.7 | 51 | Hospitalized | 188 (93.5%) had Fever, 163 (81.1%) cough, 80 (39.8%) dyspnea, and 65 (32.3%) had fatigue or myalgia 66 (32.8%) had fever with fatigue, myalgia, or headache; | 7 (3.5%) had nervous system disease | n.a | 201 (100%) positive to COVID-19 | Older age was associated with a high risk of developing ARDS and death: this may have been due to a weaker immune response from this category |
[57] | Editorial | Europe | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | COVID-19 patient may have altered nutritional status characterized by malnutrition and body weight loss | n.a | The nutritional approach in SARS-CoV-2 patients in the ICU, internal medicine ward and general health care should not be underestimated, and dietary intervention should be an important part of the care provided to these patients.. |
[54] | Observational study | Denmark | 498,151 | 32,775 (6.5%) | 43 | Hospitalized and non- hospitalized | Increased risk of receiving hospital diagnoses of dyspnoea and venous thromboembolism for SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals compared with negative individuals | No increased risk of serious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, ischaemic stroke, encephalitis, psychoses | n.a | 1310 positive to COVID-19 | For those with SARS-CoV-2 who do not require hospitalization, the risk of having serious complications such as venous thromboembolism, ischaemic stroke, and psychoses is low |