Table 4 The adjusted analysis of factors associated with cervical, vulvar, anal and oral human papillomavirus infection among sexually active women from the general population in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

Socio-demographic factors

Study site

p = 0.576

p = 0.373

p = 0.075

p = 0.004

 Mokola

1

1

1

1

 Moniya/Sasa

0.82 (0.51–1.31)

1.27 (0.75–2.13)

0.63 (0.38–1.05)

0.38 (0.19–0.74)

Age group, years

p = 0.018

p = 0.509

p = 0.521

p = 0.693

 18–24

1

1

1

1

 25–34

0.81 (0.46–1.41)

0.89 (0.49–1.63)

0.96 (0.54–1.72)

0.80 (0.38–1.68)

 35–45

0.44 (0.25–0.78)

0.67 (0.34–1.33)

0.70 (0.37–1.35)

0.72 (0.32–1.61)

Ethnicity

p = 0.258

p = 0.589

p = 0.920

p = 0.316

 Yoruba

1

1

1

1

 Others²

1.43 (0.77–2.65)

1.22 (0.63–2.38)

0.97 (0.51–1.83)

0.67 (0.30–1.49)

Religion

p = 0.648

p = 0.544

p = 0.945

p = 0.767

 Christianity/traditional

1

1

1

1

 Islam

0.89 (0.55–1.46)

0.80 (0.47–1.36)

0.98 (0.59–1.65)

1.11 (0.56–2.17)

Highest education level

p = 0.168

p = 0.580

p = 0.556

p = 0.904

 None/primary

1

1

1

1

 Secondary

1.48 (0.81–2.72)

1.05 (0.54–2.02)

1.32 (0.71–2.46)

1.15 (0.48–2.77)

 Tertiary

0.90 (0.45–1.83)

0.71 (0.32–1.57)

1.02 (0.48–2.15)

0.99 (0.35–2.78)

Quranic education

p = 0.659

p = 0.897

p = 0.857

p = 0.968

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.89 (0.55–1.46)

0.94 (0.55–1.59)

1.05 (0.63–1.73)

1.01 (0.52–1.98)

Occupation

p = 0.551

p = 0.878

p = 0.520

p = 0.984

 No current paid job³

1

1

1

1

 Unskilled worker

0.75 (0.25–2.30)

0.71 (0.14–3.55)

1.22 (0.26–5.70)

1.14 (0.26–4.99)

 Semi-skilled worker

1.11 (0.58–2.15)

0.86 (0.24–3.15)

1.11 (0.33–3.76)

1.09 (0.46–2.55)

 Skilled worker

0.61 (0.21–1.78)

0.66 (0.13–3.24)

0.53 (0.12–2.40)

0.83 (0.15–4.51)

Income per month⁴

p = 0.175

p = 0.057

p = 0.084

p = 0.700

 No income

1

1

1

1

 1–10,000 N (1–28USD)

1.26 (0.57–2.79)

0.99 (0.43–2.30)

0.75 (0.33–1.69)

0.83 (0.29–2.36)

 10,001–20,000 N (> 28–56USD)

1.11 (0.48–2.55)

1.43 (0.57–3.57)

2.33 (0.85–6.42)

1.17 (0.40–3.41)

  > 20,000 N (> 56USD)

1.62 (0.66–3.99)

2.62 (0.96–7.13)

0.79 (0.21–2.94)

0.69 (0.21–2.31)

Current marital status

p = 0.334

p = 0.027

p = 0.073

p = 0.497

 Single

1

1

1

1

 Married

0.79 (0.43–1.46)

0.49 (0.25–0.99)

0.47 (0.24–0.91)

1.11 (0.50–2.45)

 Divorced/widowed/separated⁵

1.67 (0.48–5.73)

1.64 (0.38–7.00

0.44 (0.13–1.48)

2.42 (0.60–9.76)

Age at first vaginal sex⁶, years

p = 0.700

p = 0.276

p = 0.252

p = 0.202

  ≤ 15

1

1

1

1

 16–17

0.81 (0.29–2.23)

0.44 (0.12–1.58)

0.41 (0.13–1.33)

3.19 (0.78–13.04)

  ≥ 18

1.11 (0.49–2.51)

0.87 (0.29–2.56)

0.75 (0.29–1.99)

1.76 (0.50–6.22)

Age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant, years⁷

p = 0.133

p = 0.026

p = 0.050

p = 0.570

  ≤ 5

1

1

1

1

  ≥ 6

0.78 (0.46–1.31)

0.51 (0.29–0.90)

0.58 (0.34–1.00)

0.82 (0.42–1.61)

Number of vaginal sex

p = 0.002

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.404

 Partners (mean (SD))

1.54 (1.16–2.04)

2.03 (1.38–3.01)

1.92 (1.35–2.71)

1.09 (0.89–1.33)

Ever cleansed inside vagina

p = 0.409

p = 0.072

p = 0.573

p = 0.310

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.39 (0.63–3.07)

2.61 (0.91–8.77)

1.32 (0.50–3.48)

1.50 (0.70–3.22)

Condom use at last vaginal sex

p = 0.923

p = 0.701

p = 0.967

p = 0.909

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.97 (0.50–1.86)

2.76 (0.97–7.88)

1.32 (0.50–3.48)

1.05 (0.44–2.50)

Ever had oral sex (given/received)

p = 0.354

p = 0.802

p = 0.850

p = 0.977

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.46 (0.65–3.27)

1.12 (0.45–2.81)

0.92 (0.41–2.08)

1.01 (0.40–2.60)

Ever had transactional sex

p = 0.321

p = 0.276

p = 0.145

p = 0.266

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.56 (0.18–1.74)

0.44 (0.10–1.87)

0.37 (0.10–1.40)

2.04 (0.59–7.13)

Ever had mutual masturbation

p = 0.133

p = 0.204

p = 0.959

p = 0.508

 No

1

1

1

0.76 (0.34–1.69)

 Yes

1.57 (0.87–2.82)

1.55 (0.79–3.02)

1.02 (0.54–1.93)

Female genital mutilation

p = 0.516

p = 0.758

p = 0.584

p = 0.696

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.80 (0.48–1.33)

1.09 (0.62–1.94)

1.17 (0.67–2.02)

1.14 (0.59–2.19)

Ever drank alcohol

p = 0.571

p = 0.864

p = 0.696

p = 0.710

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.85 (0.52–1.39)

1.07 (0.52–2.19)

1.15 (0.58–2.26)

1.15 (0.56–2.35)

Ever taken any illicit drugs

p = 0.105

p = 0.080

p = 0.168

p = 0.437

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

3.23 (0.67–15.49)

4.95 (0.58–41.88)

2.63 (0.61–11.33)

0.61 (0.17–2.23)

Ever had an STI

p = 0.895

p = 0.558

p = 0.303

p = 0.511

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.05 (0.50–2.20)

1.29 (0.54–3.07)

1.54 (0.67–3.50)

1.33 (0.57–3.09)

Ever heard of HPV

p = 0.091

p = 0.781

p = 0.077

p = 0.887

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.40 (0.14–1.18)

0.85 (0.25–2.76)

0.35 (0.11–1.17)

1.10 (0.30–4.04)

Cervical HPV infection

NA

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.003

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

20.75 (10.99–39.17

4.10 (1.85–9.11)

4.81 (1.58–14.62)

Vulvar HPV infection

p < 0.001

NA

p < 0.001

p = 0.371

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

12.85 (5.70–28.99)

5.85 (2.35–14.59)

0.57 (0.17–1.95)

Anal HPV infection

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

NA

p = 0.136

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

3.48 (1.74–6.96)

15.31 (8.12–28.86)

2.02 (0.78–5.25)

Oral HPV infection

p < 0.004

p = 0.016

p = 0.119

NA

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

4.37 (1.50–12.71)

2.53 (1.13–5.67)

2.13 (0.80–5.64)