Table 1 Maternal demographics, clinical characteristics, and pregnancy history and newborn clinical characteristics (N = 70)
Malaria during pregnancy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 70) | Never (n = 32) | Any (n = 38) | p-value | |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Mother’s age at enrollment (mean) [sd] | 22 [6.2] | 22.3 [6.5] | 21.7 [6] | 0.69 |
Mother’s tribe: Luo vs. Luhya | 61 (87.1) | 28 (87.5) | 33 (86.8) | 1.00 |
Mother's education: Upper primary school or higher vs. Lower primary school or lower | 55 (78.6) | 25 (78.1) | 30 (78.9) | 0.93 |
Mother's marital status: Married vs Single/widowed | 47 (67.1) | 21 (65.6) | 26 (68.4) | 0.80 |
Maternal bed net use: Yes vs. No | 68 (97.1) | 30 (93.8) | 38 (100) | 0.21 |
Maternal gravidity | ||||
Nulliparous | 25 (35.7) | 9 (28.1) | 16 (42.1) | 0.27 |
Primiparous | 22 (31.4) | 13 (40.6) | 9 (23.7) | |
Multiparous | 23 (32.9) | 10 (31.3) | 13 (34.2) | |
Worm infection during pregnancy** | 16 (22.9) | 5 (15.6) | 11 (28.9) | 0.28 |
Hypergammaglobulinemia (Adjusted venous blood concentration): > 30 mg/ml | 19 (27.1) | 6 (18.8) | 13 (34.2) | 0.14 |
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) given during pregnancy or delivery | 70 (100) | 32 (100) | 38 (100) | 1.00 |
Total antenatal clinic (ANC) visits | ||||
1 | 4 (5.7) | 3 (9.4) | 1 (2.6) | 0.008* |
2 | 6 (8.6) | 4 (12.5) | 2 (5.3) | |
3 | 17 (24.3) | 12 (37.5) | 5 (13.2) | |
4 | 43 (61.4) | 13 (40.6) | 30 (78.9) | |
Neonate characteristics | ||||
Child sex: Male vs Female | 35 (50) | 20 (62.5) | 15 (39.5) | 0.05 |
Child birthweight (mean) [sd] | 3176 [415] | 3169 [396] | 3182 [436] | 0.90 |
Normal (> 2500 g) vs low birthweight (≤2500 g) | 64 (91.4) | 30 (93.8) | 34 (89.5) | 0.68 |
Gestational age at birth (mean) [sd] | 38.8 [3.4] | 38.4 [3.6] | 39.2 [3.1] | 0.38 |
Full term (≥38 weeks) vs Preterm (< 38 weeks) | 50 (71.4) | 22 (68.8) | 28 (73.7) | 0.65 |
Among women with malaria during pregnancy (n = 38) | ||||
Placental malaria | – | – | 4 (10.5) | < 0.001* |
Gestational age at latest malaria exposure: > 27+ weeks vs ≤26 weeks | 24 (63.2) | 0.10 | ||
Malaria incidence rate (events/100 person-weeks) (mean) [sd] | – | – | 8.8 [5.2] | < 0.001* |