Fig. 3

Exposure to Nef leads to accumulation of c-MYC and AID in the cytoplasm and nuclei of lymphoma cells, enhancing genomic instability. Ramos cells were exposed to 500 ng/ml of HIV Nef for 3 h. Thereafter cells were fixed and permeabilized. The presence of c-MYC, AID and γ-H2AX were detected with specific primary antibodies and fluorescently tagged (Cy3 - red) secondary antibodies. DNA was stained with Dapi (blue). Cells were mounted on slides and images were captured using confocal microscopy. Left hand panels represent cells which were mock-treated (protein prepared using empty vector), and right hand panels represent cells exposed to recombinant HIV Nef. On the far right hand side of each panel is a zoomed image of one representative Ramos cell from that panel