Table 1 Characteristics of the study population with paired cervical and oral samples, stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status
|  | HIV+ N = 115 | HIV- N = 139 | OR (CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Age cohort (years) | ||||
Mean | 42.17 | 41.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
 18–30 | 16 (13.9) | 31 (22.3) | 1 |  |
 31–40 | 36 (31.3) | 37 (26.6) | 1.93 (0.88–4.08) | 0.09 |
  > 40 | 63 (54.8) | 71 (51.1) | 1.72 (0.84–3.36) | 0.12 |
School education (years) | ||||
  < 8 | 45 (39.1) | 26 (18.7) | 2.79 (1.55–5.00) | 0.0003 |
  ≥ 8 | 70 (60.9) | 113 (81.3) | 1 | – |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 53 (46.1) | 68 (48.9) | 1 |  |
 Unmarried | 45 (39.1) | 66 (47.5) | 1.14 (0.67–1.95) | 0.69 |
 Widowed | 17 (14.8) | 5 (3.6) | 0.22 (0.08–0.61) | 0.004 |
Skin color | ||||
 White | 48 (41.7) | 81 (58.2) | 1 |  |
 Not white | 67 (58.2) | 58 (41.7) | 1.94 (1.17–3.24) | 0.009 |
Menarche (years) | ||||
  < 13 | 56 (48.7) | 78 (56.1) | 1 |  |
  ≥ 13 | 59 (51.3) | 61 (43.9) | 1.34 (0.80–2.18) | 0.25 |
Age of sexual debut (years) | ||||
  < 18 | 79 (68.7) | 78 (56.1) | 1.71 (1.02–2.89) | 0.04 |
  ≥ 18 | 36 (31.3) | 61 (43.9) | 1 |  |
Sexual partners (number) | ||||
 1 | 6 (5.2) | 24 (17.3) | 1 |  |
 2–7 | 77 (66.9) | 82 (59) | 3.75 (1.43–9.28) | 0.004 |
  > 7 | 32 (27.9) | 33 (23.7) | 3.87 (1.36–10.68) | 0.007 |
Parity (number) | ||||
 0 | 3 (2.6) | 26 (18.7) | 1 |  |
 1–2 | 59 (51.3) | 77 (55.4) | 6.64 (2.14–21.50) | 0.0006 |
  ≥ 3 | 53 (46.1) | 36 (25.9) | 12.76 (3.84–41.68) | < 0.0001 |
History of cytology in the past three years | ||||
 Yes | 42 (36.5) | 73 (52.5) | 1 |  |
 No | 73(63.5) | 66 (47.5) | 1.92 (1.15–3.20) | 0.01 |
Hormonal contraceptive use | ||||
 Yes | 20 (17.4) | 37 (26.6) | 1 |  |
 No | 95 (82.6) | 102 (73.4) | 1.72 (0.93–3.19) | 0.08 |
Gynecologic infections | ||||
 Yes | 30 (26.1) | 29 (20.8) | 1 |  |
 No | 85 (73.9) | 110 (79.1) | 1.33 (0.74–2.40) | 0.37 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
 Yes | 30 (26.1) | 32 (23) | 1 |  |
 No | 56 (48.7) | 85 (61.1) | 1.2 | 0.3 |
 Ex-smoker | 29 (25.2) | 22 (15.8) | 0.6 | 0.1 |
HIV diagnosis (years) | ||||
  < 5 | 73 (63.5) | – | – | – |
 -10 | 42 (36.5) | – | – | – |
  > 10 | 0 (0) | – | – | – |
HAART compliance | ||||
 Yes | 93 (80.9) | – | – | – |
 No | 22 (19.1) | – | – | – |
Current CD4 (cells/mm3) | ||||
  < 200 | 3 (2.6) | – | – | – |
 200–350 | 17 (14.8) | – | – | – |
  > 350 | 95 (82.6) | – | – | – |
Most recent viral load | ||||
 Undetectable | 99 (86.1) | – | – | – |
 Detectable | 16 (13.9) | – | – | – |