Prevalence of human papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori in esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer biopsies from a case–control study in Ethiopia

Table 1 Characteristics of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer cases and matched healthy controls with biospecimens tested

	Esophageal (N = 62)		Healthy control (N = 56)		Pearson Chi2 p-value
	N	%	N	%	Pearson Chi2 p-value
Sex
Male	29	47%	28	50%	0.73
Female	33	53%	28	50%	0.73
Age at recruitment (years)
< 40	6	10%	6	11%	0.67
40–49	10	16%	11	20%
50–59	18	29%	20	36%
60+	28	45%	19	34%
Ethnicity
Oromo	31	50%	24	43%	0.39
Amhara	8	13%	15	27%
Gurage	7	11%	5	9%
Somali	6	10%	3	5%
Other	10	16%	9	16%
Region of residence
Oromia	38	61%	32	57%	0.90
South Ethiopia (SNNP)	13	21%	13	23%
Other	11	18%	11	20%
Education
None	14	23%	42	75%	< 0.01
Any schooling	48	77%	13	23%
Missing	.	.	1	2%
Religion
Christian	24	39%	38	68%	< 0.01
Other	38	61%	18	32%	< 0.01
Alcohol use
Never alcohol drinker	42	68%	31	55%	0.16
Former alcohol drinker	15	24%	14	25%
Current alcohol drinker	5	8%	11	20%
Tobacco use
Never tobacco user	42	68%	47	84%	0.03
Former tobacco user	11	18%	8	14%
Current tobacco user	9	15%	1	2%
Center of enrolment
Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital	.	.	56	100%
Mexico Higher Clinic	40	65%	.	.
Adera Higher Clinic	22	35%	.	.
Location of tumor
.	.	.	56	100%
Upper third of esophagus	4	6%	.	.
Middle third of esophagus	19	31%	.	.
Lower third of esophagus	21	34%	.	.
Esophagus, unspecified	7	11%	.	.
Junction	11	18%	.	.
Histology
.	.	.	56	100%
Squamous cell carcinoma	46	74%	.	.
Adenocarcinoma	11	18%	.	.
Mixed	3	5%	.	.
Other	2	3%	.	.

ISSN: 1750-9378