Table 5 Risk factors associated with STIs among women aged 15–49 years in Swaziland (N = 655)
Risk factors | STIs (Weighted Prevalence) | Unadjusted (Univariate) | Adjusted (Multivariable) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number + ve/Total | (%, 95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ORa (95% CI) | P-value | |
Overall | 114/655 | 19.3 (14.9–24.8) |  |  |  |  |
Age | ||||||
 Mean ± SD (range) | 114/655 | 27 .1 (25.9–28.2) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | <0.001 |
 15–19 | 13/45 | 29.2 (14.3–59.4) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 20–24 | 26/110 | 22.7 (13.1–37.4) | 0.7 (0.2–2.1) | 0.520 | …. | …. |
 24–29 | 34/127 | 27.0 (19.0–38.1) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.797 | ….. | …. |
 30–34 | 20/143 | 13.0 (6.0–3161) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 0.081 | …. | …. |
 35–39 | 14/94 | 14.5 (7.7–28.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.110 | .... | …. |
 40–44 | 6/78 | 6.9 (1.5–29.9) | 0.2 (0.03–1.1) | 0.067 | …. | …. |
 45–49 | 1/58 | 1.0 (0.1–8.7) | 0.03 (0–0.3) | 0.004 | …. | …. |
Marital status | ||||||
 Single | 66/271 | 26.4 (18.5–37.4) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 Living with partner/Cohabiting | 9/38 | 24.2 (9.8–62.3) | 0.89 (0.3–2.5) | 0.819 |  |  |
 Married | 36/313 | 11.2 (6.7–18.9) | 0.35 (0.2–0.6) | 0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.001 |
 Divorced/separated | 3/22 | 15.1 (4.9–38.3) | 0.5 (0.13–1.9) | 0.289 | …. | …. |
 widow | 0/11 | 0 | --- | --- | …. | …. |
Education: | ||||||
 Never been to school | 2/24 | 9.4 (19.0–36.0 | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 Primary | 23/133 | 21.4 (10.5–47.8) | 2.6 (0.4–16.9) | 0.299 | …. | .... |
 Secondary/High | 78/380 | 22.2 (15.4–31.3) | 2.7 (0.5–15.4) | 0.243 | …. | … |
 Tertiary | 11/118 | 7.3 (3.5–16.9) | 0.8 (0.1–5.4) | 0.777 | …. | …. |
Occupation: | ||||||
 Unemployed | 67/346 | 21.6 (14.2–32.9) | 1 (ref) |  | 1 (ref) |  |
 Employed | 39/258 | 14.7 (9.8–22.0) | 0.63 (0.34–1.16) | 0.129 | 2.2 (1.0–4.7) | 0.045 |
 Self-employed | 8/48 | 21.8 (8.0–47.4) | 1.01 (0.32–3.19) | 0.982 | 2.8(1.5–5.5) | 0.002 |
Pregnant before | ||||||
 Yes | 99/582 | 18.3 (13.5–24.4) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 No | 13/64 | 25.2 (12.6–48.9) | 1.51 (0.65–3.46) | 0.323 | …. | …. |
No. of pregnancies (Mean) | 114/655 | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.008 | …. | … |
Age Menarche (Mean age) | 114/655 | 13.97 (13.5–14.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.166 | …. | .. |
Age at first sex (mean age) | 114/655 | 17.2 (16.5–17.9) | 0.96 (0.9–1.1) | 0.370 | ….. | ….. |
Number of sexual partners |  | 2.0 (0.6–3.4) | 1.3 (1. 4–1.5) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.197 |
 0 | 3/33 | 6.2 (14.2–23.6) | 1 (ref) |  | …. | … |
 1 | 84/522 | 18.4 (14.2–23.6) | 3.4 (1.0–12.3) | 0.056 | …. | …. |
 2 | 16/62 | 25.1 (11.3–46.8) | 5.1 (1.1–21.5) | 0.028 | …. | …. |
 3+ | 11/37 | 35.6 (15.7–53.3) | 8.4 (1.3–54.2) | 0.027 | …. | …. |
Condom use with regular partner | ||||||
 Yes | 93/457 | 21.6 (14.8–31.2) | 1 (ref) |  | 1 (ref) |  |
 No | 20/194 | 13.1 (5.7–29.1) | 0.5 (0.28–0.9) | 0.022 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.034 |
Ever had STI | ||||||
 Yes | 41/278 | 16.2 (10.9–23.4) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 No | 63/342 | 19.8 (15.2–25.3) | 1.28 (0.8–2.0) | 0.246 | …. | …. |
 Don’t remember | 7/30 | 31.8 (12.0–61.3) | 2.42 (0.7–7.8) | 0.136 | …. | …. |
STIs treated in the past 12Â months | ||||||
 Yes | 24/118 | 22.6 (13.5–35.5) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 No | 89/529 | 18.7 (14.7–23.6 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.376 | …. | ….. |
 Don’t know | 1/7 | 13.9 (12.6–67.3) | 0.6 (0.4–8.1) | 0.654 | …. | …. |
HIV Status: | ||||||
 Negative | 55/373 | 17.7 (13.4–23.0) | 1 (ref) |  |  |  |
 Positive | 59/281 | 21.9 (15.2–30.4) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 0.204 | ….. | …. |
hr-HPV status: | ||||||
 Negative | 46/371 | 13.7 (8.9–20.6) | 1 (ref) |  | 1 (ref) |  |
 Positive | 64/273 | 25.2 (19.0–32.7) | 2.1 (1.3–3.6) | 0.007 | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 0.002 |