Table 1 Carcinogenic mechanisms of investigated viruses in relation to ovarian cancer
From: The potential role of infectious agents and pelvic inflammatory disease in ovarian carcinogenesis
Virus | Viral family | Key viral transforming factors | Mechanisms | Associated cancers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Human papillomavirus | Papillomaviridae | E6 E7 | Inhibition of apoptosis Immune evasion Cell cycle arrest | Anal/rectal cancer Cervical cancer Oro-pharyngeal cancer (Ovarian cancer)a Penile cancer Vaginal Vulvar cancer |
Epstein bar virus | Herpesviridae | EBNA 1 EBNA 2 EBNA-3A Latent membrane protein 1 | Inhibition of apoptosis B-cell growth transformation Cell cycle disruption Cell cycle disruption Inhibition of apoptosis | Burkitt lymphoma Gastric adenocarcinoma Hodgkin lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Ovarian cancer) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease |
Cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae | IE1/IE2 | Inhibition of antiviral immune response Inhibition of apoptosis | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands (Ovarian cancer) |
US28 gene | ||||
John Cunningham virus/BK virus | Polyomaviridae | T-antigen/t-antigen | Cell cycle disruption Inhibition of apoptosis [56] | (Ovarian cancer) |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae | (Indirect) | Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress Inhibition of antioxidant systems | Hepatocellular carcinoma (Ovarian cancer) |
(Direct) NS5B NOS2A NS3/4A protease | Cell cycle disruption Inhibition of apoptosis |