Table 1 Viruses and their proteins that are related to possible cancer development
From: Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer
Virus | Proteins and viral homologues | Related cancer type |
|---|---|---|
Epstein-Barr virus | Latent phase: latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), LMP2A, EBV encoded small RNAs-1 (EBER-1), EBER2, BARF1, Lytic phase: BZLF1 andBHRF1 | Lymphoid and epithelial malignancies including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, brain tumours, cervical cancer, leukaemia, gastric/stomach cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas |
Human cytomegalovirus | IL-10, vMIA (viral mitochondria-located inhibitor of apoptosis), vICA (an inhibitor of caspase activation), c-FLIP proteins, pUL38, IE1(491a), IE2(579aa), US27, US28, UL33, and UL78 | Brain tumour, breast cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, skin cancer, leukaemia, and bladder cancer. |
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associatedherpesvirus | KSBcl-2 (encoded by KSHV ORF-16) and viral FLIP (FLICE inhibitory protein, ORFK13) | HIV-related cancers, Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphomas, Castleman’s disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma, primary body cavity B-cell lymphoma, andbladder cancer. |
Human papillomavirus | E6oncoprotein, E 7 oncoprotein, E5 oncoprotein | Cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of head, neck, mouth, vaginal cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, bladder cancer, vulva cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma. |
Human T-cell leukemia virus | Tax, Rex, p12 | Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and brain tumours (astrocytoma) |
Hepatitis C virus | E1, E2, NS5A, KFBP38, BAX | HCC, liver cancer, B- and T-cell lymphomas, pancreatic cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, thyroid cancer |