Figure 3

E. coli OMVs increase Caco-2 cell proliferation. (A) Dose dependent proliferation indices and (B) percentage cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cultures after 7 days exposure to OMVs, determined by trypan blue assay. (C) Time dependent proliferation indices and (D) percentage cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cultures after 7 days exposure to OMVs, determined by trypan blue assay. (E) OMVs increase MTT reduction by Caco-2 cells. (F) OMVs increase the synthesis of DNA in Caco-2 cells as determined by BrdU incorporation assay. *, results are significantly different from untreated controls (p ≤ 0.05). ANOVA, followed by two-sided Dunnet’s post hoc test. Results are ± SEM of three independent experiments. In c, e and f, the line denotes 100% i.e. unexposed control values.