Skip to main content

Table 2 Cervical HPV infection and characteristics of sex workers, Soc Trang province, Vietnam

From: Cervical human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in southern Vietnam

 

No. (%)

Any HPV Adj. PR1 (95% CI)

Oncogenic HPV Adj. PR1 (95% CI)

Multiple HPV Adj. PR1 (95% CI)

Age (yrs.)

    

   <20

45 (16%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   20–29

175 (62%)

0.83 (0.62–1.10)

0.72 (0.48–1.09)

0.72 (0.41–1.25)

   30+

62 (22%)

0.78 (0.53–1.16)

0.79 (0.33–1.87)

0.88 (0.37–2.10)

  

p trend = 0.35

p trend = 0.12

p trend = 0.07

Ethnicity

    

   Kinh

230 (82%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Other

52 (18%)

1.14 (0.92–1.41)

1.10 (0.73–1.64)

1.02 (0.60–1.73)

Marital Status

    

   Not Single

136 (48%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Single

146 (52%)

1.02 (0.83–1.27)

1.29 (0.83–1.98)

1.68 (0.83–6.79)

Education

    

   None

43 (15%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Primary School

136 (48%)

0.94 (0.73–1.22)

0.78 (0.48–1.25)

0.63 (0.37–1.08)

   Secondary-high school

103 (37%)

0.80 (0.59–1.10)

0.57 (0.32–1.04)

0.43 (0.23–0.79)

Age of regular partner (yrs.)2

    

   <30

72 (47%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   30+

81 (53%)

1.39 (1.09–1.76)

1.60 (1.13–2.27)

1.78 (1.14–2.78)

Regular partner has other female partners2,3

    

   No

54 (36%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Yes

97 (64%)

1.27 (1.04–1.54)

2.01 (1.34–3.00)

2.17 (1.30–3.62)

Age at first sex4

    

   ὄ 15 yrs

11 (4%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   >15 yrs

270 (96%)

0.84 (0.58–1.20)

1.09 (0.54–2.19)

0.77 (0.35–1.69)

Duration of commercial sex work

    

   <1 year

54 (19%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   1 – 3 years

125 (44%)

1.11 (0.79–1.57)

0.88 (0.61–1.27)

0.97 (0.65–1.45)

   > 3 years

103 (37%)

1.16 (0.78–1.72)

0.96 (0.62–1.49)

1.20 (0.76–1.88)

  

p trend = 0.11

p trend = 0.02

p trend = 0.03

Venue for sex work5

    

   Indirect venues

148 (52%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Direct venues

134 (48%)

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

1.11 (0.77–1.59)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

No. of clients per month (average)

    

   <10

97 (34%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   10–25

85 (30%)

1.00 (0.88–1.15)

1.08 (0.79–1.46)

1.27 (0.75–2.13)

   >25

100 (36%)

0.64 (0.49–0.83)

0.43 (0.27–0.70)

0.52 (0.29–0.94)

  

p trend = 0.16

p trend = 0.85

p trend = 0.69

Oral-penile contact

    

   Never

239 (85%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

43 (15%)

1.29 (0.94–1.78)

1.45 (0.74–2.82)

1.51 (0.70–6.55)

Anal-penile contact

    

   Never

272 (96%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

10 (4%)

0.72 (0.40–1.34)

0.36 (0.14–0.92)

0.26 (0.10–0.69)

Condom use with regular clients6

    

   Not always

37 (16%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Always

190 (84%)

1.13 (0.88–1.44)

1.58 (0.98–2.55)

1.68 (0.84–3.36)

Condom use with irregular clients7

    

   Not always

29 (13%

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Always

189 (87%)

0.96 (0.70–1.30)

0.95 (0.69–1.30)

0.94 (0.60–1.49)

Oral contraceptives4

    

   Never

261 (93%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

20 (7%)

1.06 (0.81–1.40)

1.32 (0.84–2.07)

1.41 (0.75–2.64)

Intrauterine device4

    

   Never

218 (78%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

63 (22%)

0.89 (0.69–1.13)

0.63 (0.33–1.20

0.52 (0.28–0.99)

Withdrawal4

    

   Never

198 (70%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

83 (30%)

0.80 (0.67–0.96)

0.62 (0.42–0.89

0.58 (0.30–1.12)

Illegal drugs4

    

   Never

255 (91%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

26 (9%)

0.76 (0.54–1.06)

0.61 (0.33–1.13)

1.42 (0.80–2.52)

Pregnant4

    

   Never

144 (51%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Ever

138 (49%)

1.00 (0.81–1.24

0.95 (0.61–1.46)

1.06 (0.59–1.92)

Current STI status4

    

   Trichomonas

    

Negative

258 (92%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

23 (8%)

1.04 (0.78–1.39)

1.30 (0.84–2.02)

1.51 (0.76–3.00)

   Bacterial vaginosis

    

Negative

200 (71%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

81 (29%)

1.10 (0.93–1.31)

1.07 (0.75–1.52)

1.30 (0.58–2.00)

   Yeast

    

Negative

253 (90%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

28 (10%)

1.20 (0.97–1.49)

0.80 (0.51–1.25)

0.81 (0.39–1.69)

   Syphilis

    

Negative

270 (96%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

11 (4%)

1.34 (0.84–2.16)

1.38 (0.65–2.93)

1.05 (0.42–2.67)

   HIV

    

Negative

276 (98%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

5 (2%)

1.57 (0.98–2.51)

3.01 (1.01–9.00)

2.87 (0.69–12.00)

   Gonorrhea

    

Negative

253 (90%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

28 (10%)

1.06 (0.91–1.24)

0.92 (0.89–1.45)

0.98 (0.68–2.86)

   Chlamydia

    

Negative

161 (57%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

120 (43%)

0.99 (0.76–1.28)

0.95 (0.66–1.37)

0.98 (0.64–1.50)

  1. 1Prevalence ratio, adjusted for all variables
  2. 2153 FSW had a regular male partner
  3. 3 Responses missing from 2 subjects
  4. 4 Response missing from 1 subject
  5. 5 Direct venues include streets, parks, bus stops, boats, ferry piers, brothels, small cafés, and guesthouses; indirect venues include hotels, restaurants, massage parlors, karaoke lounges, bars, and barbershops.
  6. 6 227 FSW serviced regular clients
  7. 7 218 FSW serviced irregular clients