Table 1 Comparison between the cellular effects of E. coli CNF1 and those of the major virulence factors (VacA and CagA) of H. pylori
From: The Rho-activating CNF1 toxin from pathogenic E. coli: A risk factor for human cancer development?
| Â | CNF1 | CagA | VacA |
|---|---|---|---|
Effects on cytoskeleton and cell morphology | • Actin polymerization • Spreading • Multinucleation | • Actin rearrangement • "hummingbird" phenotype • loss of cell polarity • cell scattering | • Actin disruption • Vacuolization |
Apoptosis regulation | Anti-apoptotic effect | Anti-apoptotic effect | Pro-apoptotic effect |
Production of inflammatory mediators | TNF-α | IL-8 | TNF-α |
| Â | IL-6 | ROS | IL-8 |
|  | IL-8 |  | IL-1β |
| Â | ROS | Â | IL-6 |
Activation of transcription factors | NF-kB | NF-kB | NF-kB |
| Â | Â | NFAT | ATF-2 |
| Â | Â | SRF | NFAT |
| Â | Â | AP1 | Â |
Effect on cell cycle | Block in G2/M | Inhibition of G1/S progression | Induction of G1/S progression |
Effects on mitochondria | Inhibition of UVB-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization | Â | Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release |