Fig. 1
From: Cervicovaginal microbiota: a promising direction for prevention and treatment in cervical cancer
The role of cervicovaginal microbiota (CVM) in cervical cancer (CC). The homeostasis of CVM is dominated by Lactobacillus, forming an acidic microenvironment against pathogens invasion, such as HPV infection. Affected by host, exogenous, and endogenous factors, it turns to dysbiosis, a pro-inflammatory microenvironment with anaerobes dominance. Altered microbial, metabolic, and immune signatures lead to persist HPV infection and carcinogenesis. CVM differs in HPV/CIN/CC, so specific microbial species can be used as biomarkers. Modulation of CVM can enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce adverse reactions and improve life quality. HPV: human papilloma virus. CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia