Table 1 Summarizes the engineered sEVs and their clinical applications

HBV

sEVs delivering IFN-α from LNPCs

HBV-infected hepatocytes might restore an antiviral state in hepatocytes.

(56)

Exo-anchoring protein Nef mutant (Nefmut)

Activated HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can bring therapeutic effects.

(63)

Exosomal Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-25-5p, and hsa-miR-574-5p

Limit HBV replication and transcription

(59)

HCV

sEVs loaded with anti-HCV miRNAs (let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, and miR-221)

Suppression of HCV replication

(19)

Exo marker CD63 was related to increased IFN-stimulated bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) gene in autophagy knockdown cells

which might prevent HCV assembly or release.

(68)

Exo-targeted Ago2-miR-122-HSP90 inhibitor system

could prevent the host factors from effectively modulating HCV transmission

(69)

EBV

sEVs delivering specific siRNA

functionally modified to target oncogenic KRAS9 in murine pancreatic cancer (PC) cells

(78)

HPV

chimeric Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7

Binds to HPV16-E7 and prevents the growth of cells that express HPV16-E7

(87)

MART-1, gp100, TRP-1, Her2/neu, and CEA spontaneously associate with Exos.

Activate particular anti-tumor T cell responses.

(23)

miR-34a

Downregulation in malignancies with HPV

(10)

Exos from HPV-16 E7-pulsed DCs

prevented cervical cancer advancement by controlling macrophage activity in rat CAT2 protein

(89)

HTLV-1

No clinically relevant applications have been reported yet

Potential biomarkers and therapies still under investigation

(91)

KSHV

sEVs carrying viral miRNAs (miRK12-3-5p, miR-K12-2-5p, mir-10b-5p, mir-143-3p)

Can change the metabolism of the host B-cells to favor glycolysis

(99)

MCPyV

sEVs carrying the miR-375 and viability of targeting miR-155

 A desirable target for therapeutic interventions in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is now being explored

(104)