Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antibody changes over time in a general population cohort in rural Uganda, 1992–2008

Table 2 Risk Factors for EBV seropositivity in participants (> 1 year of age) (n = 9024)

	EBV seropositive¹/total (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted OR² (95% CI)	p value
Age, years		1.00 (1.00,1.01)	0.13	1.00 (1.00,1.01)	0.33
Age, years
1–4	495/531 (93.2)	0.83 (0.55,1.25)	0.37	1.00 (0.65,1.54)	1.00
5–9	1393/1477 (94.3)	REF		REF
10–14	1429/1537 (93)	0.80 (0.59,1.08)	0.14	0.75 (0.56,1.02)	0.06
15–24	1727/1825 (94.6)	1.07 (0.79,1.44)	0.69	1.01 (0.75,1.38)	0.93
25–44	1732/1841 (94.1)	0.96 (0.71,1.29)	0.79	0.96 (0.71,1.32)	0.82
45 +	1719/1813 (94.8)	1.11 (0.82,1.51)	0.51	1.06 (0.77,1.44)	0.74
Sex
Female	4316/4577 (94.3)	REF		REF
Male	4179/4447 (94)	0.94 (0.79,1.13)	0.53	0.92 (0.77,1.10)	0.38
Year
1992	2874/3078 (93.4)	REF		REF
2000	2849/2997 (95.1)	1.37 (1.10,1.70)	< 0.01*	1.28 (1.03,1.60)	0.03*
2008	2772/2949 (94)	1.11 (0.90,1.37)	0.33	1.13 (0.92,1.40)	0.26
KSHV seropositive³
Negative	665/746 (89.1)	REF		REF
Positive	7830/8278 (94.6)	2.13 (1.64,2.75)	< 0.01*	2.02 (1.55,2.64)	< 0.01*
HIV serostatus
Negative	7774/8257 (94.2)	REF		REF
Positive	523/566 (92.4)	0.76 (0.54,1.06)	0.10	0.71 (0.50,1.00)	0.05
CD4 T cell count (100 cells per mm³)⁴		0.99 (0.94,1.05)	0.76	0.99(0.94,1.05)	0.70
WHO HIV disease stage
1 (asymptomatic/acute retroviral syndrome)	64/69 (92.8)	REF		REF
2	77/89 (86.5)	0.50 (0.16,1.61)	0.23	0.56 (0.17,1.85)	0.32
3	127/144 (88.2)	0.59 (0.20,1.79)	0.34	0.74 (0.22,2.43)	0.61
4 (most severe disease)	34/36 (94.4)	1.34 (0.22,8.03)	0.74	1.54 (0.25,9.54)	0.63

There were 9024 samples collected from 7523 participants. CD4 T cell and WHO HIV Disease Stage analyses included 307 samples from 247 participants and 338 samples form 268 participants, respectively. All models included a random intercept
EBV Epstein–Barr virus, OR Odds ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, KSHV Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, EAd Early antigen, VCA Viral capsid antigen, EBNA EBV-nuclear antigen, WHO World Health Organization
¹EBV seropositivity was determined by detection of anti-EBV IgG antibodies to either EBNA-1, EAd, or VCA measured by multiplex bead-based assay
²Models were adjusted for all other co-factors. In adjusted models age was treated as a continuous variable
³KSHV Seropositivity was defined as detection of antibodies to KSHV K8.1 or ORF73 (LANA) measured by ELISA
⁴For CD4 T cell count the estimate represents the odds of a 100-cell increase in CD4 T cell counts/mm³
*p values < 0.05 considered statistically significant

ISSN: 1750-9378